Double Dhamaal Index Verified -

DDI = (Rp - Rf) / (σp + σd)

The DDI is based on the concept of the Sharpe Ratio, which measures the excess return of an investment over the risk-free rate, relative to its volatility. However, the DDI takes it a step further by incorporating a second layer of risk assessment, which accounts for the potential downside risk of an investment. The DDI is calculated using the following formula: double dhamaal index verified

[Insert relevant references cited in the paper] DDI = (Rp - Rf) / (σp +